Gun Control and Violence in United States of America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 544 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Gun Control Essay Gun Violence Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The United States of America is one of the only few countries that constitutionally protects the right to bear arms. However, people in politics and the news have debated if there should be restrictions on what types or how many guns people can have in an effort to curb gun violence. Thus, when presented with this research project, we wanted to educate ourselves on this topic and look into what factors potentially contribute to gun violence in the United States. Dataset Preparation The question that we based our research project on was what factors could potentially lead to an increase or decrease in a states firearm mortality rate? However, before we could answer this question, we had to decide on some variables that we thought would have an significant impact on our response variable. In the end, we chose to focus on five variables. They were the number of gun laws, gun ownership rates, poverty rates, urban population percent, and the states political party. Our response variable was the firearm mortality rate, which is the number of all firearm deaths per state, both unintentional and intentional, per 100,000 people. When we began looking for data, we first explored Kaggle. However, there wasnt a dataset that had the variables we wanted to research. Thus, we had to gather the different variables through different sources, which was a challenge for us. In order to avoid biased data, we individually gathered firearm data state by state though the CDC and Censu s Bureau. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gun Control and Violence in United States of America" essay for you Create order Our data contained four quantitative variables and one categorical variable. Our first quantitative variable was the number of gun laws. We hypothesized that a increase in the number of restrictions and regulations for guns would decrease the firearm mortality rate. For our second quantitative variable, gun ownership rate, we hypothesized that an increase in amount of guns people have would result in an increase in gun violence. Our third and fourth quantitative variables were the states poverty rate and urban population percent. Our prediction for the poverty rate was higher the rate, the higher the firearm mortality rate. This is because those who are better off financially will move away out of places with high rates of violence leaving those who are financially unable to. For the percent of urban population, we predicted that a state with higher percent would have more violence, hence, a higher percent of gun violence. The last variable we choose was the 2016 political party of a state. We were not sure what to predict for this categorical variable, but we thought it would be interesting to see if there was a relationship between this and the response variable. Multiple Linear Regression After we choose our predictors, we first checked for multicollinearity. Multicollinearity exists when two or more of our independent variables are highly correlated with each other. This is a problem if it exists because it can skew the results of our research. For example, multicollinearity can inflate our standard errors of our coefficients, which means that the results could potentially tell us that a variable is insignificant when it truly is. To test this, we used the VIF test in R Studio. In order to rule out multicollinearity, our VIF factor output would have to be less than ten.

The Influence Of Zionism On The Creation Of A Jewish State

Zion Since biblical times Jewish communities lived in Arab lands, in Persia, India, East and North Africa and indeed in Palestine. However more modern times have seen them as a nomadic people, living in various countries but never truly finding a land to call there own. In the late 19th and early 20th century an idea began to gain solidarity and momentum, that of Zionism. The idea of Zionism, to create a Jewish state, is arguably one of modern society’s most polarizing and influential movements. Zionism has influenced political, religious, and social groups in a variety of ways that culminated in the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.(Cohen, week 10) The term Zionism, as it is understood today, began to be used significantly by the political activist Herzl. Herzl was driven to action following the event of the infamous anti-Semitic Dreyfus affair in which a Jewish/French officer was wrongly accused of spying for Germany. This led Herzl to believe that anywhere the Jews went t hey would be unfairly persecuted. Herzl’s solution, create an independent Jewish state. To realize his goal Herzl began to look to political, religious, and social groups to garner support for his cause. (Cohen, Week 10) The global political landscape is fickle and has a habit of mutating and evolving in strange ways. The view of Zionist movement was hardly unaffected by these rapid changes in political mindset and agenda. Pre World War 1 era saw a primary anti-sematic Europe, from FrancesShow MoreRelatedThe Creation Of The Jewish State As Part Of Palestine1281 Words   |  6 PagesNations General Assembly recommended the creation of the Jewish state as part of Palestine. Many events in the Jewish history gave purpose to create Israel. The most important were Zionism and Holocaust, as well as end of the Second World War, where French and British have their influence on Arab world. Genocide of the European Jews was at the horror point and led to the demand for the Jewish Stat e. The process of the creation of Israel started with the Zionism movement that was happening in 1897 andRead MoreEssay about The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire1790 Words   |  8 PagesGod had made a covenant with the Jewish people to return them to the Land of Canaan or the Biblical Promise land (Christian Zionists share sympathize with the Jews, based on common backgrounds). Yet in the Quran, as espoused by the Prophet Muhammad, the lands of Jerusalem are said to be the holiest of all Arabic lands. Three movements would develop in response to these deep divisions. The Zionism movement, the Arabism movement, and the Palestinian movement. The Zionism movement, as outlined by TheodoreRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Between Islam And Judaism Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagestwo movements, Zionism and Arab Nationalism, showcase the emerging question of identity during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Arab states, long ruled by Western colonial powers, emerged from the Mandate sys tem weak and powerless. Why British troops did not leave Palestine until May 1st, 1948. Prior to this, the British proclaimed their support for a Jewish state through the Balfour Declaration (1917). In 1947 the United Nations released resolution no. 181 which created two states, one Palestinian-ArabRead MoreZionism and the Impact of World War One on the Middle East1534 Words   |  6 Pagesnationalist movement of Zionism emerged out of the Jewish people’s need for a national state of their own. This idea harkens back to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel after the Exodus. The Holy Land and all of its historic prestige persisted in Jewish culture as they spread throughout the Diaspora for 2000 years. Restrictions and persecution followed the Jewish people as they were met with prejudice throughout Eastern and Western Europe. Organized political Zionism grew from tsarist RussiaRead MoreNational Identity And Religious Identity1707 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult for the country to move forward, as the divergent views of the different factions have led to a great number of violent altercations, both in the political sphere and in religious circles as well.  This essay is a strong attempt at analyzing Zionism, and look into how Israel as a nation has been able to separate the idea of national identity and religious identity within the nation. The essay shall rely heavily on journal articles and books on the matter. Also, it shall rely on documentariesRead MoreEssay about The Arab-Israel Conflict1207 Words   |  5 Pageswas seen from the world and how it influence other nations, including the super powers, during the Cold War Era. There was a rise in Zionism in the area of Palestine and abroad from Jewish who wanted a state. Zionism is, because on the one hand it concerns one of the oldest peoples with a clear connection to a specific land, and on the other hand most of that people had been physically separated from that land for many centuries. Zionism saw a creation of a State as a protection from anti-SemitismsRead MoreUnintended Consequences - Israel from Palestine1297 Words   |  6 Pagescausation in the creation of Israel and generous partition of Palestine is the potential for nations to pity the Jews for their suffering. In truth, Zionism wasn’t offered any gains by the Holocaust. Not only was the genocide irrelevant to the argument of Zionism to the rest of the world, but it also couldn’t be pitied, as it was not yet understood. Overall, the Palestine question – and it was just that: a question regarding Palestine, not Israel – was answered based on the state of event s in theRead MoreEssay about Supporting Israel: Recent Rise of Anti-Semitism1198 Words   |  5 PagesEvery time someone turns on the news there is so much that is going on in the world like the Russians secret nuclear plant, the President of the United States flirts and takes selfie, actors that died or are going to rehab, violence against ethnicities in Syria , and fighting for religious freedom in Egypt. How much of this is real? How much attention is given to the important news? The media has a tendency of showing what they know will be popular eve, if it’s not true. Like the previous examplesRead More Theodor Herzl: Father of Zionism? Essay2269 Words   |  10 PagesTheodor Herzl: Father of Zionism? Theodor Herzl is often referred to today as the Father of Zionism, a man known for his role in the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people. His most famous pamphlet, The Jewish State, inspired thousands of Jewish men and women from across the world, although particularly in Europe, to leave their homes to realize the glory of creating their own homeland in Palestine. While Herzl was originally a believer in the gradual assimilation of German and AustrianRead MoreIn 1948, the Zionist movement realized its goal of creating a national home for the Jewish people1700 Words   |  7 Pagesof creating a national home for the Jewish people by founding the State of Israel. Zionists had been working toward this goal for decades, but only won decisive international support in the aftermath of the Holocaust, a catastrophe that supported the Zionist argument that the Jewish people would only be safe in their own state, where they could live as they chose and defend their culture. Ind eed, the Holocaust was the single most important factor in the creation of Israel, in large part because the

Human Skeletal System

Question: Discuss about the Human Skeletal System. Answer: 1. Skeletal System FunctionsProvides support for the body organs forming other body systems such as the digestive system, endocrine system, muscles among others according to Kisała Pluskiewicz (2015).The skeletal system also protects different body organs. For instance, the ribs protect delicate lungs, the heart and other organsThe skeletal system further enables the movement of organs and the whole body for humans (Nagaraja, 2013). It is through the help of the bones and the muscles that an individual is able to effectively make movements from one place to another.Skeletal system in relation to muscle attachment and locomotion Skeletal bones are usually held to each other by the ligaments. However, tendons attach these bones to the muscles. In this regard, the contraction in the muscles makes the bones to move. 2. Regions of the Spine The spine consists of four regions. The cervical spine-This region includes the spinal bones within the neck region (Senoglu et al, 2010). It comprises of 7 vertebras which support the skull and further ensures that the brain stem is protected. The thoracic spine- This consists of 12 vertebra starting below the last cervical vertebrae and forms the thorax (Senoglu et al, 2010). These bones are larger when compared to the cervical vertebrae The Lumbar spinal region-consists of only 5 vertebrae beneath the last thoracic vertebrae, with larger structural elements than rest of the spinal vertebrae Sacral spine-This region is found behind the pelvis and it is made up of 5 fused bones Senoglu et al, 2010). The fusion of the bones forms the sacrum, a triangular bone structure behind the pelvis. Anatomical Bones Skull Mandible Hyoid bone Cervical vertebrae Clavicle Sternum False Ribs True Ribs Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges 4. Long Bones include; Humerus Femur Radius Fibula Tibia 5. Structure of Long bones A long bone typically comprises of the body known as the diaphysis and two epiphyses at the terminal ends. The medullary cavity of a long bone is a container for the bone marrow and is an enclosure filled with the yellow bone marrow (Nagaraja, 2013). Other components of a typical long bone are discussed below. Haversian canal-Long bones have the Haversian canal which is a central osteon canal that runs length-wisely enclosing the nerves and the blood vessels. Periosteum- Long bones also have the periosteum, a fibrous membrane that is rich in blood vessels and functions as an envelope to the bone except where there exist articular surfaces. The periosteum contributes to the thickness of a long bone. The Volkmanns canals- The Volkmanns canals on long bones transverses the compact bone canals and connect each Haversian canal to each other, to the medullary cavity and to the long bone periosteum. Osteon-The Osteon is the elementary long bone compact structure that is cylindrical (Senoglu et al, 2010). It consists of between 4 and 20 concentric plates of bones and it surrounds the Haversian canal on a long bone. Concentric lamellae-These are the bony layers on the osteon that consist of collagen fibers that are concentrically arranged around the long bone Haversian canal (Senoglu et al, 2010). The concentric lamellae usually form as the bones grow. Articular cartilage- The articular cartilage comprises of smooth resistant and elastic tissues that cover the terminal parts of a long bone. They are found particularly at the parts where the bone articulates with other bones and enables movement and while absorbing shocks in case of accidents. The spongy bone- It comprises of compartments that are bony set apart from each other by the cavities that are full of blood vessels, the nerves and further, the bone marrow (Nagaraja, 2013). The spongy bone is the structure that makes long bones to have a characteristic lightness. Blood vessel Long bones have a channel within them where circulation of blood occurs and thus depositing required nutrients and crucial mineral salts. The compact bone-Is the dense tissue of the bone that comprises of osteons that resist both pressure and shocks on the bones ((Morrison Hill, 2011). The tissue also protects the bones spongy tissue while forming the bone diaphysis in long bones. Bone Marrow-The bone marrow- is the soft tissue that is found in the cavities of bones cavities and produces the blood cells. 6. The Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are the most movable joints in all mammalian bodies as they comprise of articulations that enable free movement. The joint is made of continuous surfaces of bones which are covered with the articular cartilages (Thomsen et al, 2012). They are connected by the ligaments that are en-lined by the synovial membrane. Usually, a synovial joint can fully or partially be divided by a synovial meniscus and/or by articular disks. The periphery however, is continuous and consists of a fibrous capsule. The free surfaces of the joint are covered by the synovial membrane. Just like other joints a synovial joint achieves movement at the contact point of its articulating bones. A major structural difference between synovial joints and fibrous joints is that synovial joints have capsules surrounding bone articulating surfaces and the lubricating synovial fluid within these capsules (Rogers et al, 2009). The synovial joints consist of a synovial cavity between the joining bones and filled with the synovial fluid. Its articular capsule that is continuous with the bone periosteum of the articulating bones is fibrous (Thomsen et al, 2012). The capsule surrounds the diarthrosis to unite the joint articulating bones. There are two layers of the articular capsule. The first layer is the outer fibrous membrane which usually contains ligaments. Secondly, the capsule has the inner synovial membrane which produces and releases the synovial fluid that works as a lubricant at the joint, absorbing shock and nourishing the joint. Further, the synovial joint bones are covered by hyaline cartilage layer which lines the ends of the joint bone epiphyses with a slippery and smooth surface that ensure that they are not bound together. The articular cartilage absorbs shock and reduces friction when there is movement at the joint. Joint Classification of Structures and Ranges of Movement for the Following Joints Hinge The hinge joint is classified as part of synovial joints found at the ankle, the knee and at the elbow. Usually, a hinge joint is formed between two or even more bones particularly where these bones are only able to move by flexing or extending along only one axis (Hewitt Stringer, 2008). Therefore, the range of movement for a hinge joint is limited only one axis. The hinge joint functions by enabling the bending and the straightening of the limbs. Ball and Socket The ball and socket joint consists of one ball-shaped end of a bone which can fit into a cavity that is cup-shaped to accommodate it (Hewitt Stringer, 2008). The ball and socket joint allows the movement of the bones in all directions unlike in hinge joints. It is found for instance where the femur articulates with the glenoid fossa. Pivot The pivot joint consists of a joint where one bone usually has to rotate within a collar, which is formed by another bone (Nagaraja, 2013). For instance, there exists a pivot joint between the skeletal atlas and axis which are found at the cervical neck region. This joint allows an individual to have their heads turn to either side. Gliding A gliding joint is also classified as the plane joint and forms part of the synovial joints too. Gliding joints are found between the bones which meet at both flat and almost flat surface (Nagaraja, 2013). The gliding joins allows an individuals bones to glide past each other in whatever direction but along the joint plane. A gliding joint can enable free movement of bones up and down, diagonally and to the left and the right. 7. Differences between bone and cartilage Bones and cartilages are different both structurally and in terms of their functions. Bones are hard tissues which from the bodys skeletal structure. In comparison, cartilages are not as hard, and have no rigidity as that in the bones (Nagaraja, 2013). Cartilages are found in the ear, the nose, and the joints. Cartilages in the joints cover the ends of joint bones and therefore act as shock absorbers in order to prevent the bones from creating friction when they rub against each other. Physical Structural difference- Bones consist of both living cells and dead cells that are embedded in the matrix. The compact bone is the outer layer which contains some spaces within it. The porous spongy tissue in the inner part of the bone contains both the bone marrow and the blood vessels (Senoglu et al, 2010). Cartilages on the other hand consist of the chondrocyte cells that produce the extracellular matrix which comprises of proteoglycan, elastin, and collagen fibers. The different cartilage types have varying proportions of these structures. Unlike the bones, the cartilage has no blood vessels. Cellular Structure Difference-The bone consists of osteoblasts that produce osteocytes. The osteocytes are mature cells in the bone, while osteoclasts are large bone cells which breakdown the bone tissues during repair, growth and remodeling (Kisała Pluskiewicz, 2015). The bone also has lining of cells which regulate calcium levels and phosphate ion movement into and out of a bone. The cartilages consist of chondrocytes that are produced by the precursor cells called chondroblasts. The chondroblasts secrete elastin and collagen fiber dense matrix both of which form an embedment for mature chondrocyte cells. 8. The Gross and Microscopic Structure a striated Muscle Gross Anatomy of the Muscle Grossly, muscles have both blood and nerve supply which enables neural control and an adequate delivery of nutrients together with removal of wastes. Definitely, a muscle consists of numerous muscle cells, connective tissues, nerve fibers and blood vessels (Kawashima Sasaki, 2011). Muscles consist of sheaths of connective tissues which are found at the different structural muscle levels in every muscle. The endomysium according to Rossi et al (2008) for instance, is the sheath that surrounds every muscle fiber while the perimysium is the sheath which surrounds different groups of the muscle fibers. Further, the epimysium sheath surrounds all muscles wholly. Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Microscopically, muscles consist of fibers which are both cylindrical and long cells that consisting of numerous nuclei under the cellular sarcolemma. The muscles have myofibrils which forms the largest component of the cellular volume. Myofibrils form the main contractile components of the cells in a muscle (Jaggi et al, 2006). They have repeating units referred to as sarcomeres that are the myofibril contractile unit, with overlapping myofilaments that are connected to the muscle Z discs at the two ends of the sarcomere. The myofilaments which form myofibrils are both thick and/or thin in structure. The thick myofilaments are the myosin while the thin ones are actin respectively. The muscular Z disc of the muscle is a component that is mainly made up of actinin, a protein alpha which connects to other similar discs on the myofibrils that are adjacent through the desmin-made intermediate filaments (Jaggi et al, 2006). The muscle has an elastic filament known as titin which anchors thick filaments on to the Z discs. The titin filament also runs through the thick filaments to the muscle M-line. Components such as the dystrophin link the thin filaments in a muscle to the cell sarcolemma, while proteins such as Nebulin, myomesin and vimentin bind together the filaments and/or the sarcomeres (Kisała Pluskiewicz, 2015). Muscular striations are as a result of dark A-band repeating series which polarize the visible light, and the I-bands which are light and do not polarize the visible light. A-ban ds in a muscle are muscular parts where both thin and thick filaments overlap. The I-bands on the other hand are found along the muscular Z lines where the thin filaments are mainly present 9. The sliding filament theory (How Muscles Contract) The sliding filament theory stipulates that muscle contraction mechanism is mainly based on the sliding of muscle proteins past each other and thus leading to movement. The theory indicates that the region where sliding filament contraction process occurs is in the sarcomere (Morrison Hill, 2011). The contraction occurs when the myosin myofilaments are ratcheted over the actin myofilaments and thus contracting the muscle cell sarcomere (Telley Denoth, 2007). The sarcomere consists of major regions referred to as the H and the I-band which compress and then expand facilitating the movement. However, the theory states that the myofilaments neither expand nor contract themselves (Mungal et al, 2015). While the amount of force and the movement generated individual level of a sarcomere can be, small, the multiplication of this effect due to the numerous sarcomeres in a given myofibril makes the force and the movement more significant. Myofibrils form myocytes, which form the muscles and they contain the numerous sarcomere that generate the significant force to enable movement. 10. Stages of Bone Development from Fertilization to Adulthood At fertilization(Fetal Stage) The process of bone formation and development at the fetal stage happens in two different processes. These include the intramembranous ossification process and/or the endochondral ossification process. Intramembranous ossification process-This process occurs majorly when the flat skull bones form. It also involves the formation of the mandible, the maxilla, and the clavicles in a fetus (Snow, Keiver, 2007). At this stage, the bones form from connective tissues like the mesenchyme tissue and not from cartilages. First, the ossification center develops and is followed by the calcification of the bone tissue. The trabeculae form in within the fetus after which the periosteum develops forming the bone structure. Endochondral ossification- This process starts with points of primary ossification centers in the cartilages. These centers usually appear at the time the fetus is developing. However, some short bones start the primary ossification process after birth (Snow, Keiver, 2007). The primary ossification centers lead to the formation of the long-bone diaphyses, short-bone formation, among other parts found on irregular bones. Secondary Ossification The process of secondary ossification in humans happens once the baby is born. This process involves the formation of long-bone epiphyses and the irregular/flat-bone extremities. The diaphyses and two long-bone epiphyses are usually separated by the cartilage zone that grows at this stage known as the epiphyseal plate (Senoglu et al, 2010). At skeletal maturity when the child is between the age of 18 and 25 years old, the rest of the cartilage gets replaced by bone tissue. This involves the fusing of the diaphysis and the two epiphyses together forming the epiphyseal closure. Remodeling Remodeling is a process that is also referred to as bone turnover and involves the resorption and replacement of bones with some little changes in their shapes. This process takes place throughout ones life and goes on beyond the initial stages of bone development. The coupled osteoblasts and osteoclasts through paracrine cell signaling process form the bone remodeling unit (Snow, Keiver, 2007). According to studies, an approximate of 10% of an adults skeletal mass is remodeled yearly. The remodeling period for bones comprise of the duration for the resorption, osteoclastic reversal, and the formation periods of both growth and the development of bones. This period is the average of the total duration that a single bone remodeling cycle occurs on the bone surface. Remodeling mainly meant for calcium homeostatic regulation and in the repairing of bones that have been micro-damaged due to stress (Plochoki et al, 2016). Remodeling also helps in shaping and sculpting the skeleton during the bone growth process. Repetitive stress activities like weight-bearing exercise and/or the healing of bones leads to the thickening of the bone at points, which involve maximum stress. References Hewitt, K. and Stringer, M. (2008). Correlation between the surface area of synovial membrane and the surface area of articular cartilage in synovial joints of the mouse and human. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 30(8), pp.645-651. Jaggi, G., Laeng, H., Muntener, M. and Killer, H. (2006). The Anatomy of the Muscle Insertion (Scleromuscular Junction) of the Lateral and Medial Rectus Muscle in Humans. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 10(2), p.188. Kawashima, T. and Sasaki, H. (2011). Gross anatomy of the human cardiac conduction system with comparative morphological and developmental implications for human application. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 193(1), pp.1-12. Kisała, A. and Pluskiewicz, W. (2015). Immobilization and Skeletal System of the Human Body. Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja, 17(1), pp.89-97. Morrison, P. and Hill, R. (2011). And then there were four: Anatomical observations on the pollical palmar interosseous muscle in humans. Clin. Anat., 24(8), pp.978-983. Mungal, S., Dube, S., Dhole, A., Mane, U. and Bondade, A. (2015). New hypothesis for mechanism of sliding filament theory of skeletal muscle contraction. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(2), p.1. Nagaraja, M. (2013). The Human Skeletal System and Spaceflight Analogs. Cell Biol: Res Ther, 02(02). Plochocki, J., Rodriguez-Sosa, J., Adrian, B., Ruiz, S. and Hall, M. (2016). A Functional and Clinical Reinterpretation of Human Perineal Neuromuscular Anatomy. Clin. Anat.. Rogers, C., Mooney, M., Smith, T., Weinberg, S., Waller, B., Parr, L., Docherty, B., Bonar, C., Reinholt, L., Deleyiannis, F., Siegel, M., Marazita, M. and Burrows, A. (2009). Comparative microanatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle between chimpanzees and humans: evolutionary divergence of lip function. Journal of Anatomy, 214(1), pp.36-44. Rossi, P., Marzani, B., Giardina, S., Negro, M. and Marzatico, F. (2008). Human Skeletal Muscle Aging and the Oxidative System: Cellular Events. CAS, 1(3), pp.182-191. Saccomanno, M. (2014). Acromioclavicular joint instability: anatomy, biomechanics and evaluation. Joints. Scholey, J. (2009). Kinesin-5 in Drosophila embryo mitosis: Sliding filament or spindle matrix mechanism?. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, 66(8), pp.500-508. Senoglu, N., Senoglu, M., Safavi-Abbasi, S., Shedd, S. and Crawford, N. (2010). Morphologic Evaluation of Cervical and Lumbar Facet Joints: Intra-Articular Facet Block Considerations. Pain Practice, 10(4), pp.272-278. Snow, M. and Keiver, K. (2007). Prenatal ethanol exposure disrupts the histological stages of fetal bone development. Bone, 41(2), pp.181-187. Telley, I. and Denoth, J. (2007). Sarcomere dynamics during muscular contraction and their implications to muscle function. J Muscle Res Cell Motil, 28(1), pp.89-104. Thomsen, L., Berg, L., Markussen, B. and Thomsen, P. (2012). Synovial folds in equine articular process joints. Equine Vet J, 45(4), pp.448-453.